In Charles Dickens's "Little Dorrit" (1857), which takes place "thirty years ago" in Marseille, the murderer Monsieur Rigaud complains about being in prison "with a poor little contraband trader, whose papers are wrong",  who was arrested after he had loaned his boat to "other little people whose papers are wrong". In my re-reading of the novel as part of my project of reading or re-reading all of Dickens's novels, I was struck by the idea of people having the wrong papers appearing in roughly the middle of the nineteenth century. I would have thought that the figures of stateless people and sans papiers only began to emerge in the twentieth cenutry. (Andrew Shields, #111words, 24 October 2022)

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