I began to wonder if the student's paper, despite the footnotes, contained quotations without quotation marks. Plagiarism software revealed that he was quoting and paraphrasing multiple sentences from footnoted works without distinguishing quotations and paraphrases from each other or from his own ideas. When I pointed this pattern out to the student, he responded that the footnotes made my "accusation" of plagiarism "untenable". For him, as for many, plagiarism is apparently only a matter of active cheating, something that one is "accused" of. But even though what he had done is not as extreme as willfully copying text without credit, such misleading presentation of material from sources is still plagiarism. (Andrew Shields, #111words, 3 February 2022)

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